mod_delegation: use clean_xmlns to remove jabber:client namespace from node: for the same reason as in mod_privilege, `jabber:client` namespace is removed with the clean_xmlns method coming from there. Furthermore, the forwarded <iq> stanza use the `jabber:client` xmlns while the stanza may come from a component with e.g. `jabber:component:accept` xmlns, this can lead to inconsistencies between the <iq> stanza and children (like <error> element).

<tr>
  <th>What is {x} {op} {y}?</th><td>
    <input name="captcha_challenge" type="hidden" value="{challenge}">
    <input name="captcha_reply" pattern="[0-9]+" required type="number">
  </td></tr>